WEEK 3: DATA CLEANING & MANIPULATION

Monday, January 23rd

Today we will…

Review File Paths + R Projects
Review Lab 2
A note on font accessibility in graphics
Mini lecture on text material
- Using dplyr verbs to manipulate data
PA 3: Identify the Mystery College

Font Accessibility in Graphics

Serif fonts “have an extra flourish that makes it look pretty for many people, but can clutter what is on the page and that’s what makes it harder to distinguish for people with visual disabilities than just having a very clean font with no extra bits and pieces around it.”

Changing Font in `ggplot2`

Option 1: Using your system’s fonts

windowsFonts()

$serif
[1] "TT Times New Roman"

$sans
[1] "TT Arial"

$mono
[1] "TT Courier New"

ggplot(data = penguins, 
       mapping = aes(x = bill_length_mm, 
                     y = bill_depth_mm)) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = "Penguins from the Palmer Archipelago",
       x = "Bill Length (mm)",
       y = "Bill Depth (mm)") + 
  theme(plot.title    = element_text(family = "sans", size = 28),,
        axis.title.x  = element_text(family = "serif", size = 28), 
        axis.title.y = element_text(family = "mono", size = 28)
        )

Changing Font in `ggplot2`

Option 2: showtext R package

library(showtext)
showtext_auto()

font_add_google("Gochi Hand", "gochi")
font_add_google("Montserrat", "montserrat")

ggplot(data = penguins, 
       mapping = aes(x = bill_length_mm, 
                     y = bill_depth_mm)) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = "Penguins from the Palmer Archipelago",
       x = "Bill Length (mm)",
       y = "Bill Depth (mm)") + 
  theme(plot.title = element_text(family = "montserrat", size = 40),
        axis.title.y = element_text(family = "gochi", size = 40),
        axis.title.x = element_text(family = "gochi", size = 40)
  )

`dplyr`

`dplyr` verbs

“Grammar of Data Manipulation”

dplyr cheatsheet

filter()
arrange()
select()
mutate()
summarize()
Use group_by() to perform group wise operations
Use the pipe operator (|> or %>%) to chain together data wrangling operations

Example Data set – Cereal

library(liver)
data(cereal)

Data Structure
Data Head
Data Summary

str(cereal, give.attr = FALSE)

'data.frame':   77 obs. of  16 variables:
 $ name    : Factor w/ 77 levels "100% Bran","100% Natural Bran",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
 $ manuf   : Factor w/ 7 levels "A","G","K","N",..: 4 6 3 3 7 2 3 2 7 5 ...
 $ type    : Factor w/ 2 levels "cold","hot": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
 $ calories: int  70 120 70 50 110 110 110 130 90 90 ...
 $ protein : int  4 3 4 4 2 2 2 3 2 3 ...
 $ fat     : int  1 5 1 0 2 2 0 2 1 0 ...
 $ sodium  : int  130 15 260 140 200 180 125 210 200 210 ...
 $ fiber   : num  10 2 9 14 1 1.5 1 2 4 5 ...
 $ carbo   : num  5 8 7 8 14 10.5 11 18 15 13 ...
 $ sugars  : int  6 8 5 0 8 10 14 8 6 5 ...
 $ potass  : int  280 135 320 330 -1 70 30 100 125 190 ...
 $ vitamins: int  25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 ...
 $ shelf   : int  3 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 3 ...
 $ weight  : num  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.33 1 1 ...
 $ cups    : num  0.33 1 0.33 0.5 0.75 0.75 1 0.75 0.67 0.67 ...
 $ rating  : num  68.4 34 59.4 93.7 34.4 ...

head(cereal)

                       name manuf type calories protein fat sodium fiber carbo
1                 100% Bran     N cold       70       4   1    130  10.0   5.0
2         100% Natural Bran     Q cold      120       3   5     15   2.0   8.0
3                  All-Bran     K cold       70       4   1    260   9.0   7.0
4 All-Bran with Extra Fiber     K cold       50       4   0    140  14.0   8.0
5            Almond Delight     R cold      110       2   2    200   1.0  14.0
6   Apple Cinnamon Cheerios     G cold      110       2   2    180   1.5  10.5
  sugars potass vitamins shelf weight cups   rating
1      6    280       25     3      1 0.33 68.40297
2      8    135        0     3      1 1.00 33.98368
3      5    320       25     3      1 0.33 59.42551
4      0    330       25     3      1 0.50 93.70491
5      8     -1       25     3      1 0.75 34.38484
6     10     70       25     1      1 0.75 29.50954

summary(cereal)

                        name    manuf    type       calories    
 100% Bran                : 1   A: 1   cold:74   Min.   : 50.0  
 100% Natural Bran        : 1   G:22   hot : 3   1st Qu.:100.0  
 All-Bran                 : 1   K:23             Median :110.0  
 All-Bran with Extra Fiber: 1   N: 6             Mean   :106.9  
 Almond Delight           : 1   P: 9             3rd Qu.:110.0  
 Apple Cinnamon Cheerios  : 1   Q: 8             Max.   :160.0  
 (Other)                  :71   R: 8                            
    protein           fat            sodium          fiber       
 Min.   :1.000   Min.   :0.000   Min.   :  0.0   Min.   : 0.000  
 1st Qu.:2.000   1st Qu.:0.000   1st Qu.:130.0   1st Qu.: 1.000  
 Median :3.000   Median :1.000   Median :180.0   Median : 2.000  
 Mean   :2.545   Mean   :1.013   Mean   :159.7   Mean   : 2.152  
 3rd Qu.:3.000   3rd Qu.:2.000   3rd Qu.:210.0   3rd Qu.: 3.000  
 Max.   :6.000   Max.   :5.000   Max.   :320.0   Max.   :14.000  
                                                                 
     carbo          sugars           potass          vitamins     
 Min.   :-1.0   Min.   :-1.000   Min.   : -1.00   Min.   :  0.00  
 1st Qu.:12.0   1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 40.00   1st Qu.: 25.00  
 Median :14.0   Median : 7.000   Median : 90.00   Median : 25.00  
 Mean   :14.6   Mean   : 6.922   Mean   : 96.08   Mean   : 28.25  
 3rd Qu.:17.0   3rd Qu.:11.000   3rd Qu.:120.00   3rd Qu.: 25.00  
 Max.   :23.0   Max.   :15.000   Max.   :330.00   Max.   :100.00  
                                                                  
     shelf           weight          cups           rating     
 Min.   :1.000   Min.   :0.50   Min.   :0.250   Min.   :18.04  
 1st Qu.:1.000   1st Qu.:1.00   1st Qu.:0.670   1st Qu.:33.17  
 Median :2.000   Median :1.00   Median :0.750   Median :40.40  
 Mean   :2.208   Mean   :1.03   Mean   :0.821   Mean   :42.67  
 3rd Qu.:3.000   3rd Qu.:1.00   3rd Qu.:1.000   3rd Qu.:50.83  
 Max.   :3.000   Max.   :1.50   Max.   :1.500   Max.   :93.70

The Pipe Operator

No matter how complex and polished the individual operations are, it is often the quality of the glue that most directly determines the power of the system.

— Hal Abelson

The Pipe Operator

Code should read like a sentence
The data is the primary object, so it should come first in your code.

A Brief History of the Pipe

The original pipe (%>%) was part of the magrittr package.

R version 4.1.0 created the “native” pipe (|>)

The Pipe Operator

dr_robinson |>
  do_a_dance()

The Pipe Operator

dr_robinson |>
  do_a_dance()

dr_robinson |>
  put_on("cool hat") |>
  do_a_dance(type = "macarena")

The Pipe Operator: Data comes first!

filter(data = cereal, ...)
select(data = cereal, ...)
mutate(data = cereal, ...)

summary(data = cereal)

is the same as

cereal |> 
  summary()

The pipe operator is your friend! You can “pipe” manipulated data sets or summaries directly into your ggplot2 code for plotting.

`filter()`

dplyr filter() by Allison Horst

`filter()`

We filter to the rows (observations) we would like to keep in the data set.

cereal |> 
  filter(calories < 100)

name	manuf	type	calories	protein	fat	sodium	fiber	carbo	sugars	potass	vitamins	shelf	weight	cups	rating
100% Bran	N	cold	70	4	1	130	10	5	6	280	25	3	1.00	0.33	68.40297
All-Bran	K	cold	70	4	1	260	9	7	5	320	25	3	1.00	0.33	59.42551
All-Bran with Extra Fiber	K	cold	50	4	0	140	14	8	0	330	25	3	1.00	0.50	93.70491
Bran Chex	R	cold	90	2	1	200	4	15	6	125	25	1	1.00	0.67	49.12025
Bran Flakes	P	cold	90	3	0	210	5	13	5	190	25	3	1.00	0.67	53.31381
Nutri-grain Wheat	K	cold	90	3	0	170	3	18	2	90	25	3	1.00	1.00	59.64284
Puffed Rice	Q	cold	50	1	0	0	0	13	0	15	0	3	0.50	1.00	60.75611
Puffed Wheat	Q	cold	50	2	0	0	1	10	0	50	0	3	0.50	1.00	63.00565
Raisin Squares	K	cold	90	2	0	0	2	15	6	110	25	3	1.00	0.50	55.33314
Shredded Wheat	N	cold	80	2	0	0	3	16	0	95	0	1	0.83	1.00	68.23588
Shredded Wheat 'n'Bran	N	cold	90	3	0	0	4	19	0	140	0	1	1.00	0.67	74.47295
Shredded Wheat spoon size	N	cold	90	3	0	0	3	20	0	120	0	1	1.00	0.67	72.80179
Strawberry Fruit Wheats	N	cold	90	2	0	15	3	15	5	90	25	2	1.00	1.00	59.36399

We can add multiple filters to our data, to get a more specific subset!

cereal |> 
  filter(calories < 100,
         type == "H")

`filter()`: Handy Helpers!

> greater than
< less than
== equal to
! not
%in% identifies if an element belongs to a vector
| or
is.na() binary evaluation of missing values

`filter()`

cereal |> 
  filter(calories < 100,
         type == "H")

 [1] name     manuf    type     calories protein  fat      sodium   fiber   
 [9] carbo    sugars   potass   vitamins shelf    weight   cups     rating  
<0 rows> (or 0-length row.names)

What if I wanted either “low calorie” cereals or hot cereals…

Code

cereal |> 
  filter(calories < 100 |
           type == "H")

`filter()`: Characters and Factors

Are you interested in observations included in a list of levels?

cereal |> 
  filter(name %in% c("Cheerios", "Cinnamon Toast Crunch", "Raisin Bran", "Cracklin' Oat Bran"))

                   name manuf type calories protein fat sodium fiber carbo
1              Cheerios     G cold      110       6   2    290     2    17
2 Cinnamon Toast Crunch     G cold      120       1   3    210     0    13
3    Cracklin' Oat Bran     K cold      110       3   3    140     4    10
4           Raisin Bran     K cold      120       3   1    210     5    14
  sugars potass vitamins shelf weight cups   rating
1      1    105       25     1   1.00 1.25 50.76500
2      9     45       25     2   1.00 0.75 19.82357
3      7    160       25     3   1.00 0.50 40.44877
4     12    240       25     2   1.33 0.75 39.25920

`arrange()`

We arrange the data set in order of a particular variable.

cereal |> 
  arrange(calories)

                                     name manuf type calories protein fat
1               All-Bran with Extra Fiber     K cold       50       4   0
2                             Puffed Rice     Q cold       50       1   0
3                            Puffed Wheat     Q cold       50       2   0
4                               100% Bran     N cold       70       4   1
5                                All-Bran     K cold       70       4   1
6                          Shredded Wheat     N cold       80       2   0
7                               Bran Chex     R cold       90       2   1
8                             Bran Flakes     P cold       90       3   0
9                       Nutri-grain Wheat     K cold       90       3   0
10                         Raisin Squares     K cold       90       2   0
11                 Shredded Wheat 'n'Bran     N cold       90       3   0
12              Shredded Wheat spoon size     N cold       90       3   0
13                Strawberry Fruit Wheats     N cold       90       2   0
14                            Corn Flakes     K cold      100       2   0
15                 Cream of Wheat (Quick)     N  hot      100       3   0
16                 Crispy Wheat & Raisins     G cold      100       2   1
17                            Double Chex     R cold      100       2   0
18                    Frosted Mini-Wheats     K cold      100       3   0
19                           Golden Crisp     P cold      100       2   0
20                      Grape Nuts Flakes     P cold      100       3   1
21                                   Life     Q cold      100       4   2
22                                  Maypo     A  hot      100       4   1
23                   Multi-Grain Cheerios     G cold      100       2   1
24                             Product 19     K cold      100       3   0
25                     Quaker Oat Squares     Q cold      100       4   1
26                         Quaker Oatmeal     Q  hot      100       5   2
27                        Raisin Nut Bran     G cold      100       3   2
28                      Total Whole Grain     G cold      100       3   1
29                             Wheat Chex     R cold      100       3   1
30                               Wheaties     G cold      100       3   1
31                         Almond Delight     R cold      110       2   2
32                Apple Cinnamon Cheerios     G cold      110       2   2
33                            Apple Jacks     K cold      110       2   0
34                               Cheerios     G cold      110       6   2
35                               Clusters     G cold      110       3   2
36                            Cocoa Puffs     G cold      110       1   1
37                              Corn Chex     R cold      110       2   0
38                              Corn Pops     K cold      110       1   0
39                          Count Chocula     G cold      110       1   1
40                     Cracklin' Oat Bran     K cold      110       3   3
41                                Crispix     K cold      110       2   0
42                            Froot Loops     K cold      110       2   1
43                         Frosted Flakes     K cold      110       1   0
44                         Fruity Pebbles     P cold      110       1   1
45                         Golden Grahams     G cold      110       1   1
46                             Grape-Nuts     P cold      110       3   0
47                     Honey Nut Cheerios     G cold      110       3   1
48                             Honey-comb     P cold      110       1   0
49            Just Right Crunchy  Nuggets     K cold      110       2   1
50                                    Kix     G cold      110       2   1
51                           Lucky Charms     G cold      110       2   1
52                              Rice Chex     R cold      110       1   0
53                          Rice Krispies     K cold      110       2   0
54                                 Smacks     K cold      110       2   1
55                              Special K     K cold      110       6   0
56                      Total Corn Flakes     G cold      110       2   1
57                                Triples     G cold      110       2   1
58                                   Trix     G cold      110       1   1
59                    Wheaties Honey Gold     G cold      110       2   1
60                      100% Natural Bran     Q cold      120       3   5
61                           Cap'n'Crunch     Q cold      120       1   2
62                  Cinnamon Toast Crunch     G cold      120       1   3
63 Fruit & Fibre Dates; Walnuts; and Oats     P cold      120       3   2
64                          Fruitful Bran     K cold      120       3   0
65                     Great Grains Pecan     P cold      120       3   3
66                       Honey Graham Ohs     Q cold      120       1   2
67                       Nut&Honey Crunch     K cold      120       2   1
68                  Post Nat. Raisin Bran     P cold      120       3   1
69                            Raisin Bran     K cold      120       3   1
70                                Basic 4     G cold      130       3   2
71                   Oatmeal Raisin Crisp     G cold      130       3   2
72                 Just Right Fruit & Nut     K cold      140       3   1
73              Nutri-Grain Almond-Raisin     K cold      140       3   2
74                      Total Raisin Bran     G cold      140       3   1
75       Muesli Raisins; Dates; & Almonds     R cold      150       4   3
76      Muesli Raisins; Peaches; & Pecans     R cold      150       4   3
77                   Mueslix Crispy Blend     K cold      160       3   2
   sodium fiber carbo sugars potass vitamins shelf weight cups   rating
1     140  14.0   8.0      0    330       25     3   1.00 0.50 93.70491
2       0   0.0  13.0      0     15        0     3   0.50 1.00 60.75611
3       0   1.0  10.0      0     50        0     3   0.50 1.00 63.00565
4     130  10.0   5.0      6    280       25     3   1.00 0.33 68.40297
5     260   9.0   7.0      5    320       25     3   1.00 0.33 59.42551
6       0   3.0  16.0      0     95        0     1   0.83 1.00 68.23588
7     200   4.0  15.0      6    125       25     1   1.00 0.67 49.12025
8     210   5.0  13.0      5    190       25     3   1.00 0.67 53.31381
9     170   3.0  18.0      2     90       25     3   1.00 1.00 59.64284
10      0   2.0  15.0      6    110       25     3   1.00 0.50 55.33314
11      0   4.0  19.0      0    140        0     1   1.00 0.67 74.47295
12      0   3.0  20.0      0    120        0     1   1.00 0.67 72.80179
13     15   3.0  15.0      5     90       25     2   1.00 1.00 59.36399
14    290   1.0  21.0      2     35       25     1   1.00 1.00 45.86332
15     80   1.0  21.0      0     -1        0     2   1.00 1.00 64.53382
16    140   2.0  11.0     10    120       25     3   1.00 0.75 36.17620
17    190   1.0  18.0      5     80       25     3   1.00 0.75 44.33086
18      0   3.0  14.0      7    100       25     2   1.00 0.80 58.34514
19     45   0.0  11.0     15     40       25     1   1.00 0.88 35.25244
20    140   3.0  15.0      5     85       25     3   1.00 0.88 52.07690
21    150   2.0  12.0      6     95       25     2   1.00 0.67 45.32807
22      0   0.0  16.0      3     95       25     2   1.00 1.00 54.85092
23    220   2.0  15.0      6     90       25     1   1.00 1.00 40.10596
24    320   1.0  20.0      3     45      100     3   1.00 1.00 41.50354
25    135   2.0  14.0      6    110       25     3   1.00 0.50 49.51187
26      0   2.7  -1.0     -1    110        0     1   1.00 0.67 50.82839
27    140   2.5  10.5      8    140       25     3   1.00 0.50 39.70340
28    200   3.0  16.0      3    110      100     3   1.00 1.00 46.65884
29    230   3.0  17.0      3    115       25     1   1.00 0.67 49.78744
30    200   3.0  17.0      3    110       25     1   1.00 1.00 51.59219
31    200   1.0  14.0      8     -1       25     3   1.00 0.75 34.38484
32    180   1.5  10.5     10     70       25     1   1.00 0.75 29.50954
33    125   1.0  11.0     14     30       25     2   1.00 1.00 33.17409
34    290   2.0  17.0      1    105       25     1   1.00 1.25 50.76500
35    140   2.0  13.0      7    105       25     3   1.00 0.50 40.40021
36    180   0.0  12.0     13     55       25     2   1.00 1.00 22.73645
37    280   0.0  22.0      3     25       25     1   1.00 1.00 41.44502
38     90   1.0  13.0     12     20       25     2   1.00 1.00 35.78279
39    180   0.0  12.0     13     65       25     2   1.00 1.00 22.39651
40    140   4.0  10.0      7    160       25     3   1.00 0.50 40.44877
41    220   1.0  21.0      3     30       25     3   1.00 1.00 46.89564
42    125   1.0  11.0     13     30       25     2   1.00 1.00 32.20758
43    200   1.0  14.0     11     25       25     1   1.00 0.75 31.43597
44    135   0.0  13.0     12     25       25     2   1.00 0.75 28.02576
45    280   0.0  15.0      9     45       25     2   1.00 0.75 23.80404
46    170   3.0  17.0      3     90       25     3   1.00 0.25 53.37101
47    250   1.5  11.5     10     90       25     1   1.00 0.75 31.07222
48    180   0.0  14.0     11     35       25     1   1.00 1.33 28.74241
49    170   1.0  17.0      6     60      100     3   1.00 1.00 36.52368
50    260   0.0  21.0      3     40       25     2   1.00 1.50 39.24111
51    180   0.0  12.0     12     55       25     2   1.00 1.00 26.73451
52    240   0.0  23.0      2     30       25     1   1.00 1.13 41.99893
53    290   0.0  22.0      3     35       25     1   1.00 1.00 40.56016
54     70   1.0   9.0     15     40       25     2   1.00 0.75 31.23005
55    230   1.0  16.0      3     55       25     1   1.00 1.00 53.13132
56    200   0.0  21.0      3     35      100     3   1.00 1.00 38.83975
57    250   0.0  21.0      3     60       25     3   1.00 0.75 39.10617
58    140   0.0  13.0     12     25       25     2   1.00 1.00 27.75330
59    200   1.0  16.0      8     60       25     1   1.00 0.75 36.18756
60     15   2.0   8.0      8    135        0     3   1.00 1.00 33.98368
61    220   0.0  12.0     12     35       25     2   1.00 0.75 18.04285
62    210   0.0  13.0      9     45       25     2   1.00 0.75 19.82357
63    160   5.0  12.0     10    200       25     3   1.25 0.67 40.91705
64    240   5.0  14.0     12    190       25     3   1.33 0.67 41.01549
65     75   3.0  13.0      4    100       25     3   1.00 0.33 45.81172
66    220   1.0  12.0     11     45       25     2   1.00 1.00 21.87129
67    190   0.0  15.0      9     40       25     2   1.00 0.67 29.92429
68    200   6.0  11.0     14    260       25     3   1.33 0.67 37.84059
69    210   5.0  14.0     12    240       25     2   1.33 0.75 39.25920
70    210   2.0  18.0      8    100       25     3   1.33 0.75 37.03856
71    170   1.5  13.5     10    120       25     3   1.25 0.50 30.45084
72    170   2.0  20.0      9     95      100     3   1.30 0.75 36.47151
73    220   3.0  21.0      7    130       25     3   1.33 0.67 40.69232
74    190   4.0  15.0     14    230      100     3   1.50 1.00 28.59278
75     95   3.0  16.0     11    170       25     3   1.00 1.00 37.13686
76    150   3.0  16.0     11    170       25     3   1.00 1.00 34.13976
77    150   3.0  17.0     13    160       25     3   1.50 0.67 30.31335

`arrange()`

We can arrange by multiple variables.

cereal |> 
  arrange(calories, sugars)

name	manuf	type	calories	protein	fat	sodium	fiber	carbo	sugars	potass	vitamins	shelf	weight	cups	rating
All-Bran with Extra Fiber	K	cold	50	4	0	140	14.0	8.0	0	330	25	3	1.00	0.50	93.70491
Puffed Rice	Q	cold	50	1	0	0	0.0	13.0	0	15	0	3	0.50	1.00	60.75611
Puffed Wheat	Q	cold	50	2	0	0	1.0	10.0	0	50	0	3	0.50	1.00	63.00565
All-Bran	K	cold	70	4	1	260	9.0	7.0	5	320	25	3	1.00	0.33	59.42551
100% Bran	N	cold	70	4	1	130	10.0	5.0	6	280	25	3	1.00	0.33	68.40297
Shredded Wheat	N	cold	80	2	0	0	3.0	16.0	0	95	0	1	0.83	1.00	68.23588
Shredded Wheat 'n'Bran	N	cold	90	3	0	0	4.0	19.0	0	140	0	1	1.00	0.67	74.47295
Shredded Wheat spoon size	N	cold	90	3	0	0	3.0	20.0	0	120	0	1	1.00	0.67	72.80179
Nutri-grain Wheat	K	cold	90	3	0	170	3.0	18.0	2	90	25	3	1.00	1.00	59.64284
Bran Flakes	P	cold	90	3	0	210	5.0	13.0	5	190	25	3	1.00	0.67	53.31381
Strawberry Fruit Wheats	N	cold	90	2	0	15	3.0	15.0	5	90	25	2	1.00	1.00	59.36399
Bran Chex	R	cold	90	2	1	200	4.0	15.0	6	125	25	1	1.00	0.67	49.12025
Raisin Squares	K	cold	90	2	0	0	2.0	15.0	6	110	25	3	1.00	0.50	55.33314
Quaker Oatmeal	Q	hot	100	5	2	0	2.7	-1.0	-1	110	0	1	1.00	0.67	50.82839
Cream of Wheat (Quick)	N	hot	100	3	0	80	1.0	21.0	0	-1	0	2	1.00	1.00	64.53382
Corn Flakes	K	cold	100	2	0	290	1.0	21.0	2	35	25	1	1.00	1.00	45.86332
Maypo	A	hot	100	4	1	0	0.0	16.0	3	95	25	2	1.00	1.00	54.85092
Product 19	K	cold	100	3	0	320	1.0	20.0	3	45	100	3	1.00	1.00	41.50354
Total Whole Grain	G	cold	100	3	1	200	3.0	16.0	3	110	100	3	1.00	1.00	46.65884
Wheat Chex	R	cold	100	3	1	230	3.0	17.0	3	115	25	1	1.00	0.67	49.78744
Wheaties	G	cold	100	3	1	200	3.0	17.0	3	110	25	1	1.00	1.00	51.59219
Double Chex	R	cold	100	2	0	190	1.0	18.0	5	80	25	3	1.00	0.75	44.33086
Grape Nuts Flakes	P	cold	100	3	1	140	3.0	15.0	5	85	25	3	1.00	0.88	52.07690
Life	Q	cold	100	4	2	150	2.0	12.0	6	95	25	2	1.00	0.67	45.32807
Multi-Grain Cheerios	G	cold	100	2	1	220	2.0	15.0	6	90	25	1	1.00	1.00	40.10596
Quaker Oat Squares	Q	cold	100	4	1	135	2.0	14.0	6	110	25	3	1.00	0.50	49.51187
Frosted Mini-Wheats	K	cold	100	3	0	0	3.0	14.0	7	100	25	2	1.00	0.80	58.34514
Raisin Nut Bran	G	cold	100	3	2	140	2.5	10.5	8	140	25	3	1.00	0.50	39.70340
Crispy Wheat & Raisins	G	cold	100	2	1	140	2.0	11.0	10	120	25	3	1.00	0.75	36.17620
Golden Crisp	P	cold	100	2	0	45	0.0	11.0	15	40	25	1	1.00	0.88	35.25244
Cheerios	G	cold	110	6	2	290	2.0	17.0	1	105	25	1	1.00	1.25	50.76500
Rice Chex	R	cold	110	1	0	240	0.0	23.0	2	30	25	1	1.00	1.13	41.99893
Corn Chex	R	cold	110	2	0	280	0.0	22.0	3	25	25	1	1.00	1.00	41.44502
Crispix	K	cold	110	2	0	220	1.0	21.0	3	30	25	3	1.00	1.00	46.89564
Grape-Nuts	P	cold	110	3	0	170	3.0	17.0	3	90	25	3	1.00	0.25	53.37101
Kix	G	cold	110	2	1	260	0.0	21.0	3	40	25	2	1.00	1.50	39.24111
Rice Krispies	K	cold	110	2	0	290	0.0	22.0	3	35	25	1	1.00	1.00	40.56016
Special K	K	cold	110	6	0	230	1.0	16.0	3	55	25	1	1.00	1.00	53.13132
Total Corn Flakes	G	cold	110	2	1	200	0.0	21.0	3	35	100	3	1.00	1.00	38.83975
Triples	G	cold	110	2	1	250	0.0	21.0	3	60	25	3	1.00	0.75	39.10617
Just Right Crunchy Nuggets	K	cold	110	2	1	170	1.0	17.0	6	60	100	3	1.00	1.00	36.52368
Clusters	G	cold	110	3	2	140	2.0	13.0	7	105	25	3	1.00	0.50	40.40021
Cracklin' Oat Bran	K	cold	110	3	3	140	4.0	10.0	7	160	25	3	1.00	0.50	40.44877
Almond Delight	R	cold	110	2	2	200	1.0	14.0	8	-1	25	3	1.00	0.75	34.38484
Wheaties Honey Gold	G	cold	110	2	1	200	1.0	16.0	8	60	25	1	1.00	0.75	36.18756
Golden Grahams	G	cold	110	1	1	280	0.0	15.0	9	45	25	2	1.00	0.75	23.80404
Apple Cinnamon Cheerios	G	cold	110	2	2	180	1.5	10.5	10	70	25	1	1.00	0.75	29.50954
Honey Nut Cheerios	G	cold	110	3	1	250	1.5	11.5	10	90	25	1	1.00	0.75	31.07222
Frosted Flakes	K	cold	110	1	0	200	1.0	14.0	11	25	25	1	1.00	0.75	31.43597
Honey-comb	P	cold	110	1	0	180	0.0	14.0	11	35	25	1	1.00	1.33	28.74241
Corn Pops	K	cold	110	1	0	90	1.0	13.0	12	20	25	2	1.00	1.00	35.78279
Fruity Pebbles	P	cold	110	1	1	135	0.0	13.0	12	25	25	2	1.00	0.75	28.02576
Lucky Charms	G	cold	110	2	1	180	0.0	12.0	12	55	25	2	1.00	1.00	26.73451
Trix	G	cold	110	1	1	140	0.0	13.0	12	25	25	2	1.00	1.00	27.75330
Cocoa Puffs	G	cold	110	1	1	180	0.0	12.0	13	55	25	2	1.00	1.00	22.73645
Count Chocula	G	cold	110	1	1	180	0.0	12.0	13	65	25	2	1.00	1.00	22.39651
Froot Loops	K	cold	110	2	1	125	1.0	11.0	13	30	25	2	1.00	1.00	32.20758
Apple Jacks	K	cold	110	2	0	125	1.0	11.0	14	30	25	2	1.00	1.00	33.17409
Smacks	K	cold	110	2	1	70	1.0	9.0	15	40	25	2	1.00	0.75	31.23005
Great Grains Pecan	P	cold	120	3	3	75	3.0	13.0	4	100	25	3	1.00	0.33	45.81172
100% Natural Bran	Q	cold	120	3	5	15	2.0	8.0	8	135	0	3	1.00	1.00	33.98368
Cinnamon Toast Crunch	G	cold	120	1	3	210	0.0	13.0	9	45	25	2	1.00	0.75	19.82357
Nut&Honey Crunch	K	cold	120	2	1	190	0.0	15.0	9	40	25	2	1.00	0.67	29.92429
Fruit & Fibre Dates; Walnuts; and Oats	P	cold	120	3	2	160	5.0	12.0	10	200	25	3	1.25	0.67	40.91705
Honey Graham Ohs	Q	cold	120	1	2	220	1.0	12.0	11	45	25	2	1.00	1.00	21.87129
Cap'n'Crunch	Q	cold	120	1	2	220	0.0	12.0	12	35	25	2	1.00	0.75	18.04285
Fruitful Bran	K	cold	120	3	0	240	5.0	14.0	12	190	25	3	1.33	0.67	41.01549
Raisin Bran	K	cold	120	3	1	210	5.0	14.0	12	240	25	2	1.33	0.75	39.25920
Post Nat. Raisin Bran	P	cold	120	3	1	200	6.0	11.0	14	260	25	3	1.33	0.67	37.84059
Basic 4	G	cold	130	3	2	210	2.0	18.0	8	100	25	3	1.33	0.75	37.03856
Oatmeal Raisin Crisp	G	cold	130	3	2	170	1.5	13.5	10	120	25	3	1.25	0.50	30.45084
Nutri-Grain Almond-Raisin	K	cold	140	3	2	220	3.0	21.0	7	130	25	3	1.33	0.67	40.69232
Just Right Fruit & Nut	K	cold	140	3	1	170	2.0	20.0	9	95	100	3	1.30	0.75	36.47151
Total Raisin Bran	G	cold	140	3	1	190	4.0	15.0	14	230	100	3	1.50	1.00	28.59278
Muesli Raisins; Dates; & Almonds	R	cold	150	4	3	95	3.0	16.0	11	170	25	3	1.00	1.00	37.13686
Muesli Raisins; Peaches; & Pecans	R	cold	150	4	3	150	3.0	16.0	11	170	25	3	1.00	1.00	34.13976
Mueslix Crispy Blend	K	cold	160	3	2	150	3.0	17.0	13	160	25	3	1.50	0.67	30.31335

`arrange()`: Descending Order

Default is ascending order!

cereal |> 
  arrange(calories)

Need to add desc() to get descending order!

cereal |> 
  arrange(desc(calories))

`slice_max()`

cereal |> 
  slice_max(order_by = sugars, n = 3)

                   name manuf type calories protein fat sodium fiber carbo
1          Golden Crisp     P cold      100       2   0     45     0    11
2                Smacks     K cold      110       2   1     70     1     9
3           Apple Jacks     K cold      110       2   0    125     1    11
4 Post Nat. Raisin Bran     P cold      120       3   1    200     6    11
5     Total Raisin Bran     G cold      140       3   1    190     4    15
  sugars potass vitamins shelf weight cups   rating
1     15     40       25     1   1.00 0.88 35.25244
2     15     40       25     2   1.00 0.75 31.23005
3     14     30       25     2   1.00 1.00 33.17409
4     14    260       25     3   1.33 0.67 37.84059
5     14    230      100     3   1.50 1.00 28.59278

cereal |> 
  slice_max(order_by = sugars, n = 3, with_ties = FALSE)

Tip

It is good practice to specify the function arguments!

`select()`

We select which variables we would like to remain in the dataset.

cereal |> 
  select(name, manuf, calories, cups)

name	manuf	calories	cups
100% Bran	N	70	0.33
100% Natural Bran	Q	120	1.00
All-Bran	K	70	0.33
All-Bran with Extra Fiber	K	50	0.50
Almond Delight	R	110	0.75
Apple Cinnamon Cheerios	G	110	0.75
Apple Jacks	K	110	1.00
Basic 4	G	130	0.75
Bran Chex	R	90	0.67
Bran Flakes	P	90	0.67
Cap'n'Crunch	Q	120	0.75
Cheerios	G	110	1.25
Cinnamon Toast Crunch	G	120	0.75
Clusters	G	110	0.50
Cocoa Puffs	G	110	1.00
Corn Chex	R	110	1.00
Corn Flakes	K	100	1.00
Corn Pops	K	110	1.00
Count Chocula	G	110	1.00
Cracklin' Oat Bran	K	110	0.50
Cream of Wheat (Quick)	N	100	1.00
Crispix	K	110	1.00
Crispy Wheat & Raisins	G	100	0.75
Double Chex	R	100	0.75
Froot Loops	K	110	1.00
Frosted Flakes	K	110	0.75
Frosted Mini-Wheats	K	100	0.80
Fruit & Fibre Dates; Walnuts; and Oats	P	120	0.67
Fruitful Bran	K	120	0.67
Fruity Pebbles	P	110	0.75
Golden Crisp	P	100	0.88
Golden Grahams	G	110	0.75
Grape Nuts Flakes	P	100	0.88
Grape-Nuts	P	110	0.25
Great Grains Pecan	P	120	0.33
Honey Graham Ohs	Q	120	1.00
Honey Nut Cheerios	G	110	0.75
Honey-comb	P	110	1.33
Just Right Crunchy Nuggets	K	110	1.00
Just Right Fruit & Nut	K	140	0.75
Kix	G	110	1.50
Life	Q	100	0.67
Lucky Charms	G	110	1.00
Maypo	A	100	1.00
Muesli Raisins; Dates; & Almonds	R	150	1.00
Muesli Raisins; Peaches; & Pecans	R	150	1.00
Mueslix Crispy Blend	K	160	0.67
Multi-Grain Cheerios	G	100	1.00
Nut&Honey Crunch	K	120	0.67
Nutri-Grain Almond-Raisin	K	140	0.67
Nutri-grain Wheat	K	90	1.00
Oatmeal Raisin Crisp	G	130	0.50
Post Nat. Raisin Bran	P	120	0.67
Product 19	K	100	1.00
Puffed Rice	Q	50	1.00
Puffed Wheat	Q	50	1.00
Quaker Oat Squares	Q	100	0.50
Quaker Oatmeal	Q	100	0.67
Raisin Bran	K	120	0.75
Raisin Nut Bran	G	100	0.50
Raisin Squares	K	90	0.50
Rice Chex	R	110	1.13
Rice Krispies	K	110	1.00
Shredded Wheat	N	80	1.00
Shredded Wheat 'n'Bran	N	90	0.67
Shredded Wheat spoon size	N	90	0.67
Smacks	K	110	0.75
Special K	K	110	1.00
Strawberry Fruit Wheats	N	90	1.00
Total Corn Flakes	G	110	1.00
Total Raisin Bran	G	140	1.00
Total Whole Grain	G	100	1.00
Triples	G	110	0.75
Trix	G	110	1.00
Wheat Chex	R	100	0.67
Wheaties	G	100	1.00
Wheaties Honey Gold	G	110	0.75

You can use the : to select a sequence of columns!

cereal |> 
  select(name:calories)

name	manuf	type	calories
100% Bran	N	cold	70
100% Natural Bran	Q	cold	120
All-Bran	K	cold	70
All-Bran with Extra Fiber	K	cold	50
Almond Delight	R	cold	110
Apple Cinnamon Cheerios	G	cold	110
Apple Jacks	K	cold	110
Basic 4	G	cold	130
Bran Chex	R	cold	90
Bran Flakes	P	cold	90
Cap'n'Crunch	Q	cold	120
Cheerios	G	cold	110
Cinnamon Toast Crunch	G	cold	120
Clusters	G	cold	110
Cocoa Puffs	G	cold	110
Corn Chex	R	cold	110
Corn Flakes	K	cold	100
Corn Pops	K	cold	110
Count Chocula	G	cold	110
Cracklin' Oat Bran	K	cold	110
Cream of Wheat (Quick)	N	hot	100
Crispix	K	cold	110
Crispy Wheat & Raisins	G	cold	100
Double Chex	R	cold	100
Froot Loops	K	cold	110
Frosted Flakes	K	cold	110
Frosted Mini-Wheats	K	cold	100
Fruit & Fibre Dates; Walnuts; and Oats	P	cold	120
Fruitful Bran	K	cold	120
Fruity Pebbles	P	cold	110
Golden Crisp	P	cold	100
Golden Grahams	G	cold	110
Grape Nuts Flakes	P	cold	100
Grape-Nuts	P	cold	110
Great Grains Pecan	P	cold	120
Honey Graham Ohs	Q	cold	120
Honey Nut Cheerios	G	cold	110
Honey-comb	P	cold	110
Just Right Crunchy Nuggets	K	cold	110
Just Right Fruit & Nut	K	cold	140
Kix	G	cold	110
Life	Q	cold	100
Lucky Charms	G	cold	110
Maypo	A	hot	100
Muesli Raisins; Dates; & Almonds	R	cold	150
Muesli Raisins; Peaches; & Pecans	R	cold	150
Mueslix Crispy Blend	K	cold	160
Multi-Grain Cheerios	G	cold	100
Nut&Honey Crunch	K	cold	120
Nutri-Grain Almond-Raisin	K	cold	140
Nutri-grain Wheat	K	cold	90
Oatmeal Raisin Crisp	G	cold	130
Post Nat. Raisin Bran	P	cold	120
Product 19	K	cold	100
Puffed Rice	Q	cold	50
Puffed Wheat	Q	cold	50
Quaker Oat Squares	Q	cold	100
Quaker Oatmeal	Q	hot	100
Raisin Bran	K	cold	120
Raisin Nut Bran	G	cold	100
Raisin Squares	K	cold	90
Rice Chex	R	cold	110
Rice Krispies	K	cold	110
Shredded Wheat	N	cold	80
Shredded Wheat 'n'Bran	N	cold	90
Shredded Wheat spoon size	N	cold	90
Smacks	K	cold	110
Special K	K	cold	110
Strawberry Fruit Wheats	N	cold	90
Total Corn Flakes	G	cold	110
Total Raisin Bran	G	cold	140
Total Whole Grain	G	cold	100
Triples	G	cold	110
Trix	G	cold	110
Wheat Chex	R	cold	100
Wheaties	G	cold	100
Wheaties Honey Gold	G	cold	110

`select()`: Omitting Columns

You can remove columns from the dataset using a -.

cereal |> 
  select(-rating)

`select()`: Reordering

You can reorder the columns in the dataset inside of select()!

cereal |> 
  select(name, rating, manuf, type, calories, cups, weight, 
         everything())

name	rating	manuf	type	calories	cups	weight	protein	fat	sodium	fiber	carbo	sugars	potass	vitamins	shelf
100% Bran	68.40297	N	cold	70	0.33	1.00	4	1	130	10.0	5.0	6	280	25	3
100% Natural Bran	33.98368	Q	cold	120	1.00	1.00	3	5	15	2.0	8.0	8	135	0	3
All-Bran	59.42551	K	cold	70	0.33	1.00	4	1	260	9.0	7.0	5	320	25	3
All-Bran with Extra Fiber	93.70491	K	cold	50	0.50	1.00	4	0	140	14.0	8.0	0	330	25	3
Almond Delight	34.38484	R	cold	110	0.75	1.00	2	2	200	1.0	14.0	8	-1	25	3
Apple Cinnamon Cheerios	29.50954	G	cold	110	0.75	1.00	2	2	180	1.5	10.5	10	70	25	1
Apple Jacks	33.17409	K	cold	110	1.00	1.00	2	0	125	1.0	11.0	14	30	25	2
Basic 4	37.03856	G	cold	130	0.75	1.33	3	2	210	2.0	18.0	8	100	25	3
Bran Chex	49.12025	R	cold	90	0.67	1.00	2	1	200	4.0	15.0	6	125	25	1
Bran Flakes	53.31381	P	cold	90	0.67	1.00	3	0	210	5.0	13.0	5	190	25	3
Cap'n'Crunch	18.04285	Q	cold	120	0.75	1.00	1	2	220	0.0	12.0	12	35	25	2
Cheerios	50.76500	G	cold	110	1.25	1.00	6	2	290	2.0	17.0	1	105	25	1
Cinnamon Toast Crunch	19.82357	G	cold	120	0.75	1.00	1	3	210	0.0	13.0	9	45	25	2
Clusters	40.40021	G	cold	110	0.50	1.00	3	2	140	2.0	13.0	7	105	25	3
Cocoa Puffs	22.73645	G	cold	110	1.00	1.00	1	1	180	0.0	12.0	13	55	25	2
Corn Chex	41.44502	R	cold	110	1.00	1.00	2	0	280	0.0	22.0	3	25	25	1
Corn Flakes	45.86332	K	cold	100	1.00	1.00	2	0	290	1.0	21.0	2	35	25	1
Corn Pops	35.78279	K	cold	110	1.00	1.00	1	0	90	1.0	13.0	12	20	25	2
Count Chocula	22.39651	G	cold	110	1.00	1.00	1	1	180	0.0	12.0	13	65	25	2
Cracklin' Oat Bran	40.44877	K	cold	110	0.50	1.00	3	3	140	4.0	10.0	7	160	25	3
Cream of Wheat (Quick)	64.53382	N	hot	100	1.00	1.00	3	0	80	1.0	21.0	0	-1	0	2
Crispix	46.89564	K	cold	110	1.00	1.00	2	0	220	1.0	21.0	3	30	25	3
Crispy Wheat & Raisins	36.17620	G	cold	100	0.75	1.00	2	1	140	2.0	11.0	10	120	25	3
Double Chex	44.33086	R	cold	100	0.75	1.00	2	0	190	1.0	18.0	5	80	25	3
Froot Loops	32.20758	K	cold	110	1.00	1.00	2	1	125	1.0	11.0	13	30	25	2
Frosted Flakes	31.43597	K	cold	110	0.75	1.00	1	0	200	1.0	14.0	11	25	25	1
Frosted Mini-Wheats	58.34514	K	cold	100	0.80	1.00	3	0	0	3.0	14.0	7	100	25	2
Fruit & Fibre Dates; Walnuts; and Oats	40.91705	P	cold	120	0.67	1.25	3	2	160	5.0	12.0	10	200	25	3
Fruitful Bran	41.01549	K	cold	120	0.67	1.33	3	0	240	5.0	14.0	12	190	25	3
Fruity Pebbles	28.02576	P	cold	110	0.75	1.00	1	1	135	0.0	13.0	12	25	25	2
Golden Crisp	35.25244	P	cold	100	0.88	1.00	2	0	45	0.0	11.0	15	40	25	1
Golden Grahams	23.80404	G	cold	110	0.75	1.00	1	1	280	0.0	15.0	9	45	25	2
Grape Nuts Flakes	52.07690	P	cold	100	0.88	1.00	3	1	140	3.0	15.0	5	85	25	3
Grape-Nuts	53.37101	P	cold	110	0.25	1.00	3	0	170	3.0	17.0	3	90	25	3
Great Grains Pecan	45.81172	P	cold	120	0.33	1.00	3	3	75	3.0	13.0	4	100	25	3
Honey Graham Ohs	21.87129	Q	cold	120	1.00	1.00	1	2	220	1.0	12.0	11	45	25	2
Honey Nut Cheerios	31.07222	G	cold	110	0.75	1.00	3	1	250	1.5	11.5	10	90	25	1
Honey-comb	28.74241	P	cold	110	1.33	1.00	1	0	180	0.0	14.0	11	35	25	1
Just Right Crunchy Nuggets	36.52368	K	cold	110	1.00	1.00	2	1	170	1.0	17.0	6	60	100	3
Just Right Fruit & Nut	36.47151	K	cold	140	0.75	1.30	3	1	170	2.0	20.0	9	95	100	3
Kix	39.24111	G	cold	110	1.50	1.00	2	1	260	0.0	21.0	3	40	25	2
Life	45.32807	Q	cold	100	0.67	1.00	4	2	150	2.0	12.0	6	95	25	2
Lucky Charms	26.73451	G	cold	110	1.00	1.00	2	1	180	0.0	12.0	12	55	25	2
Maypo	54.85092	A	hot	100	1.00	1.00	4	1	0	0.0	16.0	3	95	25	2
Muesli Raisins; Dates; & Almonds	37.13686	R	cold	150	1.00	1.00	4	3	95	3.0	16.0	11	170	25	3
Muesli Raisins; Peaches; & Pecans	34.13976	R	cold	150	1.00	1.00	4	3	150	3.0	16.0	11	170	25	3
Mueslix Crispy Blend	30.31335	K	cold	160	0.67	1.50	3	2	150	3.0	17.0	13	160	25	3
Multi-Grain Cheerios	40.10596	G	cold	100	1.00	1.00	2	1	220	2.0	15.0	6	90	25	1
Nut&Honey Crunch	29.92429	K	cold	120	0.67	1.00	2	1	190	0.0	15.0	9	40	25	2
Nutri-Grain Almond-Raisin	40.69232	K	cold	140	0.67	1.33	3	2	220	3.0	21.0	7	130	25	3
Nutri-grain Wheat	59.64284	K	cold	90	1.00	1.00	3	0	170	3.0	18.0	2	90	25	3
Oatmeal Raisin Crisp	30.45084	G	cold	130	0.50	1.25	3	2	170	1.5	13.5	10	120	25	3
Post Nat. Raisin Bran	37.84059	P	cold	120	0.67	1.33	3	1	200	6.0	11.0	14	260	25	3
Product 19	41.50354	K	cold	100	1.00	1.00	3	0	320	1.0	20.0	3	45	100	3
Puffed Rice	60.75611	Q	cold	50	1.00	0.50	1	0	0	0.0	13.0	0	15	0	3
Puffed Wheat	63.00565	Q	cold	50	1.00	0.50	2	0	0	1.0	10.0	0	50	0	3
Quaker Oat Squares	49.51187	Q	cold	100	0.50	1.00	4	1	135	2.0	14.0	6	110	25	3
Quaker Oatmeal	50.82839	Q	hot	100	0.67	1.00	5	2	0	2.7	-1.0	-1	110	0	1
Raisin Bran	39.25920	K	cold	120	0.75	1.33	3	1	210	5.0	14.0	12	240	25	2
Raisin Nut Bran	39.70340	G	cold	100	0.50	1.00	3	2	140	2.5	10.5	8	140	25	3
Raisin Squares	55.33314	K	cold	90	0.50	1.00	2	0	0	2.0	15.0	6	110	25	3
Rice Chex	41.99893	R	cold	110	1.13	1.00	1	0	240	0.0	23.0	2	30	25	1
Rice Krispies	40.56016	K	cold	110	1.00	1.00	2	0	290	0.0	22.0	3	35	25	1
Shredded Wheat	68.23588	N	cold	80	1.00	0.83	2	0	0	3.0	16.0	0	95	0	1
Shredded Wheat 'n'Bran	74.47295	N	cold	90	0.67	1.00	3	0	0	4.0	19.0	0	140	0	1
Shredded Wheat spoon size	72.80179	N	cold	90	0.67	1.00	3	0	0	3.0	20.0	0	120	0	1
Smacks	31.23005	K	cold	110	0.75	1.00	2	1	70	1.0	9.0	15	40	25	2
Special K	53.13132	K	cold	110	1.00	1.00	6	0	230	1.0	16.0	3	55	25	1
Strawberry Fruit Wheats	59.36399	N	cold	90	1.00	1.00	2	0	15	3.0	15.0	5	90	25	2
Total Corn Flakes	38.83975	G	cold	110	1.00	1.00	2	1	200	0.0	21.0	3	35	100	3
Total Raisin Bran	28.59278	G	cold	140	1.00	1.50	3	1	190	4.0	15.0	14	230	100	3
Total Whole Grain	46.65884	G	cold	100	1.00	1.00	3	1	200	3.0	16.0	3	110	100	3
Triples	39.10617	G	cold	110	0.75	1.00	2	1	250	0.0	21.0	3	60	25	3
Trix	27.75330	G	cold	110	1.00	1.00	1	1	140	0.0	13.0	12	25	25	2
Wheat Chex	49.78744	R	cold	100	0.67	1.00	3	1	230	3.0	17.0	3	115	25	1
Wheaties	51.59219	G	cold	100	1.00	1.00	3	1	200	3.0	17.0	3	110	25	1
Wheaties Honey Gold	36.18756	G	cold	110	0.75	1.00	2	1	200	1.0	16.0	8	60	25	1

`select()`: Handy Helpers!

everything()
starts_with()
ends_with()
contains()

`rename()`

You can use select() to rename, but all columns not included will be deleted!
- Using the rename() function is easier!

cereal |> 
  rename(temp = type)

                                     name manuf temp calories protein fat
1                               100% Bran     N cold       70       4   1
2                       100% Natural Bran     Q cold      120       3   5
3                                All-Bran     K cold       70       4   1
4               All-Bran with Extra Fiber     K cold       50       4   0
5                          Almond Delight     R cold      110       2   2
6                 Apple Cinnamon Cheerios     G cold      110       2   2
7                             Apple Jacks     K cold      110       2   0
8                                 Basic 4     G cold      130       3   2
9                               Bran Chex     R cold       90       2   1
10                            Bran Flakes     P cold       90       3   0
11                           Cap'n'Crunch     Q cold      120       1   2
12                               Cheerios     G cold      110       6   2
13                  Cinnamon Toast Crunch     G cold      120       1   3
14                               Clusters     G cold      110       3   2
15                            Cocoa Puffs     G cold      110       1   1
16                              Corn Chex     R cold      110       2   0
17                            Corn Flakes     K cold      100       2   0
18                              Corn Pops     K cold      110       1   0
19                          Count Chocula     G cold      110       1   1
20                     Cracklin' Oat Bran     K cold      110       3   3
21                 Cream of Wheat (Quick)     N  hot      100       3   0
22                                Crispix     K cold      110       2   0
23                 Crispy Wheat & Raisins     G cold      100       2   1
24                            Double Chex     R cold      100       2   0
25                            Froot Loops     K cold      110       2   1
26                         Frosted Flakes     K cold      110       1   0
27                    Frosted Mini-Wheats     K cold      100       3   0
28 Fruit & Fibre Dates; Walnuts; and Oats     P cold      120       3   2
29                          Fruitful Bran     K cold      120       3   0
30                         Fruity Pebbles     P cold      110       1   1
31                           Golden Crisp     P cold      100       2   0
32                         Golden Grahams     G cold      110       1   1
33                      Grape Nuts Flakes     P cold      100       3   1
34                             Grape-Nuts     P cold      110       3   0
35                     Great Grains Pecan     P cold      120       3   3
36                       Honey Graham Ohs     Q cold      120       1   2
37                     Honey Nut Cheerios     G cold      110       3   1
38                             Honey-comb     P cold      110       1   0
39            Just Right Crunchy  Nuggets     K cold      110       2   1
40                 Just Right Fruit & Nut     K cold      140       3   1
41                                    Kix     G cold      110       2   1
42                                   Life     Q cold      100       4   2
43                           Lucky Charms     G cold      110       2   1
44                                  Maypo     A  hot      100       4   1
45       Muesli Raisins; Dates; & Almonds     R cold      150       4   3
46      Muesli Raisins; Peaches; & Pecans     R cold      150       4   3
47                   Mueslix Crispy Blend     K cold      160       3   2
48                   Multi-Grain Cheerios     G cold      100       2   1
49                       Nut&Honey Crunch     K cold      120       2   1
50              Nutri-Grain Almond-Raisin     K cold      140       3   2
51                      Nutri-grain Wheat     K cold       90       3   0
52                   Oatmeal Raisin Crisp     G cold      130       3   2
53                  Post Nat. Raisin Bran     P cold      120       3   1
54                             Product 19     K cold      100       3   0
55                            Puffed Rice     Q cold       50       1   0
56                           Puffed Wheat     Q cold       50       2   0
57                     Quaker Oat Squares     Q cold      100       4   1
58                         Quaker Oatmeal     Q  hot      100       5   2
59                            Raisin Bran     K cold      120       3   1
60                        Raisin Nut Bran     G cold      100       3   2
61                         Raisin Squares     K cold       90       2   0
62                              Rice Chex     R cold      110       1   0
63                          Rice Krispies     K cold      110       2   0
64                         Shredded Wheat     N cold       80       2   0
65                 Shredded Wheat 'n'Bran     N cold       90       3   0
66              Shredded Wheat spoon size     N cold       90       3   0
67                                 Smacks     K cold      110       2   1
68                              Special K     K cold      110       6   0
69                Strawberry Fruit Wheats     N cold       90       2   0
70                      Total Corn Flakes     G cold      110       2   1
71                      Total Raisin Bran     G cold      140       3   1
72                      Total Whole Grain     G cold      100       3   1
73                                Triples     G cold      110       2   1
74                                   Trix     G cold      110       1   1
75                             Wheat Chex     R cold      100       3   1
76                               Wheaties     G cold      100       3   1
77                    Wheaties Honey Gold     G cold      110       2   1
   sodium fiber carbo sugars potass vitamins shelf weight cups   rating
1     130  10.0   5.0      6    280       25     3   1.00 0.33 68.40297
2      15   2.0   8.0      8    135        0     3   1.00 1.00 33.98368
3     260   9.0   7.0      5    320       25     3   1.00 0.33 59.42551
4     140  14.0   8.0      0    330       25     3   1.00 0.50 93.70491
5     200   1.0  14.0      8     -1       25     3   1.00 0.75 34.38484
6     180   1.5  10.5     10     70       25     1   1.00 0.75 29.50954
7     125   1.0  11.0     14     30       25     2   1.00 1.00 33.17409
8     210   2.0  18.0      8    100       25     3   1.33 0.75 37.03856
9     200   4.0  15.0      6    125       25     1   1.00 0.67 49.12025
10    210   5.0  13.0      5    190       25     3   1.00 0.67 53.31381
11    220   0.0  12.0     12     35       25     2   1.00 0.75 18.04285
12    290   2.0  17.0      1    105       25     1   1.00 1.25 50.76500
13    210   0.0  13.0      9     45       25     2   1.00 0.75 19.82357
14    140   2.0  13.0      7    105       25     3   1.00 0.50 40.40021
15    180   0.0  12.0     13     55       25     2   1.00 1.00 22.73645
16    280   0.0  22.0      3     25       25     1   1.00 1.00 41.44502
17    290   1.0  21.0      2     35       25     1   1.00 1.00 45.86332
18     90   1.0  13.0     12     20       25     2   1.00 1.00 35.78279
19    180   0.0  12.0     13     65       25     2   1.00 1.00 22.39651
20    140   4.0  10.0      7    160       25     3   1.00 0.50 40.44877
21     80   1.0  21.0      0     -1        0     2   1.00 1.00 64.53382
22    220   1.0  21.0      3     30       25     3   1.00 1.00 46.89564
23    140   2.0  11.0     10    120       25     3   1.00 0.75 36.17620
24    190   1.0  18.0      5     80       25     3   1.00 0.75 44.33086
25    125   1.0  11.0     13     30       25     2   1.00 1.00 32.20758
26    200   1.0  14.0     11     25       25     1   1.00 0.75 31.43597
27      0   3.0  14.0      7    100       25     2   1.00 0.80 58.34514
28    160   5.0  12.0     10    200       25     3   1.25 0.67 40.91705
29    240   5.0  14.0     12    190       25     3   1.33 0.67 41.01549
30    135   0.0  13.0     12     25       25     2   1.00 0.75 28.02576
31     45   0.0  11.0     15     40       25     1   1.00 0.88 35.25244
32    280   0.0  15.0      9     45       25     2   1.00 0.75 23.80404
33    140   3.0  15.0      5     85       25     3   1.00 0.88 52.07690
34    170   3.0  17.0      3     90       25     3   1.00 0.25 53.37101
35     75   3.0  13.0      4    100       25     3   1.00 0.33 45.81172
36    220   1.0  12.0     11     45       25     2   1.00 1.00 21.87129
37    250   1.5  11.5     10     90       25     1   1.00 0.75 31.07222
38    180   0.0  14.0     11     35       25     1   1.00 1.33 28.74241
39    170   1.0  17.0      6     60      100     3   1.00 1.00 36.52368
40    170   2.0  20.0      9     95      100     3   1.30 0.75 36.47151
41    260   0.0  21.0      3     40       25     2   1.00 1.50 39.24111
42    150   2.0  12.0      6     95       25     2   1.00 0.67 45.32807
43    180   0.0  12.0     12     55       25     2   1.00 1.00 26.73451
44      0   0.0  16.0      3     95       25     2   1.00 1.00 54.85092
45     95   3.0  16.0     11    170       25     3   1.00 1.00 37.13686
46    150   3.0  16.0     11    170       25     3   1.00 1.00 34.13976
47    150   3.0  17.0     13    160       25     3   1.50 0.67 30.31335
48    220   2.0  15.0      6     90       25     1   1.00 1.00 40.10596
49    190   0.0  15.0      9     40       25     2   1.00 0.67 29.92429
50    220   3.0  21.0      7    130       25     3   1.33 0.67 40.69232
51    170   3.0  18.0      2     90       25     3   1.00 1.00 59.64284
52    170   1.5  13.5     10    120       25     3   1.25 0.50 30.45084
53    200   6.0  11.0     14    260       25     3   1.33 0.67 37.84059
54    320   1.0  20.0      3     45      100     3   1.00 1.00 41.50354
55      0   0.0  13.0      0     15        0     3   0.50 1.00 60.75611
56      0   1.0  10.0      0     50        0     3   0.50 1.00 63.00565
57    135   2.0  14.0      6    110       25     3   1.00 0.50 49.51187
58      0   2.7  -1.0     -1    110        0     1   1.00 0.67 50.82839
59    210   5.0  14.0     12    240       25     2   1.33 0.75 39.25920
60    140   2.5  10.5      8    140       25     3   1.00 0.50 39.70340
61      0   2.0  15.0      6    110       25     3   1.00 0.50 55.33314
62    240   0.0  23.0      2     30       25     1   1.00 1.13 41.99893
63    290   0.0  22.0      3     35       25     1   1.00 1.00 40.56016
64      0   3.0  16.0      0     95        0     1   0.83 1.00 68.23588
65      0   4.0  19.0      0    140        0     1   1.00 0.67 74.47295
66      0   3.0  20.0      0    120        0     1   1.00 0.67 72.80179
67     70   1.0   9.0     15     40       25     2   1.00 0.75 31.23005
68    230   1.0  16.0      3     55       25     1   1.00 1.00 53.13132
69     15   3.0  15.0      5     90       25     2   1.00 1.00 59.36399
70    200   0.0  21.0      3     35      100     3   1.00 1.00 38.83975
71    190   4.0  15.0     14    230      100     3   1.50 1.00 28.59278
72    200   3.0  16.0      3    110      100     3   1.00 1.00 46.65884
73    250   0.0  21.0      3     60       25     3   1.00 0.75 39.10617
74    140   0.0  13.0     12     25       25     2   1.00 1.00 27.75330
75    230   3.0  17.0      3    115       25     1   1.00 0.67 49.78744
76    200   3.0  17.0      3    110       25     1   1.00 1.00 51.59219
77    200   1.0  16.0      8     60       25     1   1.00 0.75 36.18756

`mutate()`

Mutate (by Allison Horst)

`mutate()`

The data set gets mutated to either

include a new variable

cereal |> 
  mutate(cal_per_cup = calories / cups)

name	manuf	type	calories	protein	fat	sodium	fiber	carbo	sugars	potass	vitamins	shelf	weight	cups	rating	cal_per_cup
100% Bran	N	cold	70	4	1	130	10.0	5.0	6	280	25	3	1.00	0.33	68.40297	212.12121
100% Natural Bran	Q	cold	120	3	5	15	2.0	8.0	8	135	0	3	1.00	1.00	33.98368	120.00000
All-Bran	K	cold	70	4	1	260	9.0	7.0	5	320	25	3	1.00	0.33	59.42551	212.12121
All-Bran with Extra Fiber	K	cold	50	4	0	140	14.0	8.0	0	330	25	3	1.00	0.50	93.70491	100.00000
Almond Delight	R	cold	110	2	2	200	1.0	14.0	8	-1	25	3	1.00	0.75	34.38484	146.66667
Apple Cinnamon Cheerios	G	cold	110	2	2	180	1.5	10.5	10	70	25	1	1.00	0.75	29.50954	146.66667
Apple Jacks	K	cold	110	2	0	125	1.0	11.0	14	30	25	2	1.00	1.00	33.17409	110.00000
Basic 4	G	cold	130	3	2	210	2.0	18.0	8	100	25	3	1.33	0.75	37.03856	173.33333
Bran Chex	R	cold	90	2	1	200	4.0	15.0	6	125	25	1	1.00	0.67	49.12025	134.32836
Bran Flakes	P	cold	90	3	0	210	5.0	13.0	5	190	25	3	1.00	0.67	53.31381	134.32836
Cap'n'Crunch	Q	cold	120	1	2	220	0.0	12.0	12	35	25	2	1.00	0.75	18.04285	160.00000
Cheerios	G	cold	110	6	2	290	2.0	17.0	1	105	25	1	1.00	1.25	50.76500	88.00000
Cinnamon Toast Crunch	G	cold	120	1	3	210	0.0	13.0	9	45	25	2	1.00	0.75	19.82357	160.00000
Clusters	G	cold	110	3	2	140	2.0	13.0	7	105	25	3	1.00	0.50	40.40021	220.00000
Cocoa Puffs	G	cold	110	1	1	180	0.0	12.0	13	55	25	2	1.00	1.00	22.73645	110.00000
Corn Chex	R	cold	110	2	0	280	0.0	22.0	3	25	25	1	1.00	1.00	41.44502	110.00000
Corn Flakes	K	cold	100	2	0	290	1.0	21.0	2	35	25	1	1.00	1.00	45.86332	100.00000
Corn Pops	K	cold	110	1	0	90	1.0	13.0	12	20	25	2	1.00	1.00	35.78279	110.00000
Count Chocula	G	cold	110	1	1	180	0.0	12.0	13	65	25	2	1.00	1.00	22.39651	110.00000
Cracklin' Oat Bran	K	cold	110	3	3	140	4.0	10.0	7	160	25	3	1.00	0.50	40.44877	220.00000
Cream of Wheat (Quick)	N	hot	100	3	0	80	1.0	21.0	0	-1	0	2	1.00	1.00	64.53382	100.00000
Crispix	K	cold	110	2	0	220	1.0	21.0	3	30	25	3	1.00	1.00	46.89564	110.00000
Crispy Wheat & Raisins	G	cold	100	2	1	140	2.0	11.0	10	120	25	3	1.00	0.75	36.17620	133.33333
Double Chex	R	cold	100	2	0	190	1.0	18.0	5	80	25	3	1.00	0.75	44.33086	133.33333
Froot Loops	K	cold	110	2	1	125	1.0	11.0	13	30	25	2	1.00	1.00	32.20758	110.00000
Frosted Flakes	K	cold	110	1	0	200	1.0	14.0	11	25	25	1	1.00	0.75	31.43597	146.66667
Frosted Mini-Wheats	K	cold	100	3	0	0	3.0	14.0	7	100	25	2	1.00	0.80	58.34514	125.00000
Fruit & Fibre Dates; Walnuts; and Oats	P	cold	120	3	2	160	5.0	12.0	10	200	25	3	1.25	0.67	40.91705	179.10448
Fruitful Bran	K	cold	120	3	0	240	5.0	14.0	12	190	25	3	1.33	0.67	41.01549	179.10448
Fruity Pebbles	P	cold	110	1	1	135	0.0	13.0	12	25	25	2	1.00	0.75	28.02576	146.66667
Golden Crisp	P	cold	100	2	0	45	0.0	11.0	15	40	25	1	1.00	0.88	35.25244	113.63636
Golden Grahams	G	cold	110	1	1	280	0.0	15.0	9	45	25	2	1.00	0.75	23.80404	146.66667
Grape Nuts Flakes	P	cold	100	3	1	140	3.0	15.0	5	85	25	3	1.00	0.88	52.07690	113.63636
Grape-Nuts	P	cold	110	3	0	170	3.0	17.0	3	90	25	3	1.00	0.25	53.37101	440.00000
Great Grains Pecan	P	cold	120	3	3	75	3.0	13.0	4	100	25	3	1.00	0.33	45.81172	363.63636
Honey Graham Ohs	Q	cold	120	1	2	220	1.0	12.0	11	45	25	2	1.00	1.00	21.87129	120.00000
Honey Nut Cheerios	G	cold	110	3	1	250	1.5	11.5	10	90	25	1	1.00	0.75	31.07222	146.66667
Honey-comb	P	cold	110	1	0	180	0.0	14.0	11	35	25	1	1.00	1.33	28.74241	82.70677
Just Right Crunchy Nuggets	K	cold	110	2	1	170	1.0	17.0	6	60	100	3	1.00	1.00	36.52368	110.00000
Just Right Fruit & Nut	K	cold	140	3	1	170	2.0	20.0	9	95	100	3	1.30	0.75	36.47151	186.66667
Kix	G	cold	110	2	1	260	0.0	21.0	3	40	25	2	1.00	1.50	39.24111	73.33333
Life	Q	cold	100	4	2	150	2.0	12.0	6	95	25	2	1.00	0.67	45.32807	149.25373
Lucky Charms	G	cold	110	2	1	180	0.0	12.0	12	55	25	2	1.00	1.00	26.73451	110.00000
Maypo	A	hot	100	4	1	0	0.0	16.0	3	95	25	2	1.00	1.00	54.85092	100.00000
Muesli Raisins; Dates; & Almonds	R	cold	150	4	3	95	3.0	16.0	11	170	25	3	1.00	1.00	37.13686	150.00000
Muesli Raisins; Peaches; & Pecans	R	cold	150	4	3	150	3.0	16.0	11	170	25	3	1.00	1.00	34.13976	150.00000
Mueslix Crispy Blend	K	cold	160	3	2	150	3.0	17.0	13	160	25	3	1.50	0.67	30.31335	238.80597
Multi-Grain Cheerios	G	cold	100	2	1	220	2.0	15.0	6	90	25	1	1.00	1.00	40.10596	100.00000
Nut&Honey Crunch	K	cold	120	2	1	190	0.0	15.0	9	40	25	2	1.00	0.67	29.92429	179.10448
Nutri-Grain Almond-Raisin	K	cold	140	3	2	220	3.0	21.0	7	130	25	3	1.33	0.67	40.69232	208.95522
Nutri-grain Wheat	K	cold	90	3	0	170	3.0	18.0	2	90	25	3	1.00	1.00	59.64284	90.00000
Oatmeal Raisin Crisp	G	cold	130	3	2	170	1.5	13.5	10	120	25	3	1.25	0.50	30.45084	260.00000
Post Nat. Raisin Bran	P	cold	120	3	1	200	6.0	11.0	14	260	25	3	1.33	0.67	37.84059	179.10448
Product 19	K	cold	100	3	0	320	1.0	20.0	3	45	100	3	1.00	1.00	41.50354	100.00000
Puffed Rice	Q	cold	50	1	0	0	0.0	13.0	0	15	0	3	0.50	1.00	60.75611	50.00000
Puffed Wheat	Q	cold	50	2	0	0	1.0	10.0	0	50	0	3	0.50	1.00	63.00565	50.00000
Quaker Oat Squares	Q	cold	100	4	1	135	2.0	14.0	6	110	25	3	1.00	0.50	49.51187	200.00000
Quaker Oatmeal	Q	hot	100	5	2	0	2.7	-1.0	-1	110	0	1	1.00	0.67	50.82839	149.25373
Raisin Bran	K	cold	120	3	1	210	5.0	14.0	12	240	25	2	1.33	0.75	39.25920	160.00000
Raisin Nut Bran	G	cold	100	3	2	140	2.5	10.5	8	140	25	3	1.00	0.50	39.70340	200.00000
Raisin Squares	K	cold	90	2	0	0	2.0	15.0	6	110	25	3	1.00	0.50	55.33314	180.00000
Rice Chex	R	cold	110	1	0	240	0.0	23.0	2	30	25	1	1.00	1.13	41.99893	97.34513
Rice Krispies	K	cold	110	2	0	290	0.0	22.0	3	35	25	1	1.00	1.00	40.56016	110.00000
Shredded Wheat	N	cold	80	2	0	0	3.0	16.0	0	95	0	1	0.83	1.00	68.23588	80.00000
Shredded Wheat 'n'Bran	N	cold	90	3	0	0	4.0	19.0	0	140	0	1	1.00	0.67	74.47295	134.32836
Shredded Wheat spoon size	N	cold	90	3	0	0	3.0	20.0	0	120	0	1	1.00	0.67	72.80179	134.32836
Smacks	K	cold	110	2	1	70	1.0	9.0	15	40	25	2	1.00	0.75	31.23005	146.66667
Special K	K	cold	110	6	0	230	1.0	16.0	3	55	25	1	1.00	1.00	53.13132	110.00000
Strawberry Fruit Wheats	N	cold	90	2	0	15	3.0	15.0	5	90	25	2	1.00	1.00	59.36399	90.00000
Total Corn Flakes	G	cold	110	2	1	200	0.0	21.0	3	35	100	3	1.00	1.00	38.83975	110.00000
Total Raisin Bran	G	cold	140	3	1	190	4.0	15.0	14	230	100	3	1.50	1.00	28.59278	140.00000
Total Whole Grain	G	cold	100	3	1	200	3.0	16.0	3	110	100	3	1.00	1.00	46.65884	100.00000
Triples	G	cold	110	2	1	250	0.0	21.0	3	60	25	3	1.00	0.75	39.10617	146.66667
Trix	G	cold	110	1	1	140	0.0	13.0	12	25	25	2	1.00	1.00	27.75330	110.00000
Wheat Chex	R	cold	100	3	1	230	3.0	17.0	3	115	25	1	1.00	0.67	49.78744	149.25373
Wheaties	G	cold	100	3	1	200	3.0	17.0	3	110	25	1	1.00	1.00	51.59219	100.00000
Wheaties Honey Gold	G	cold	110	2	1	200	1.0	16.0	8	60	25	1	1.00	0.75	36.18756	146.66667

revise an existing variable

cereal |> 
  mutate(shelf = as.factor(shelf))

`mutate()`: Handy Helpers!

if_else() or case_when()
as.factor(), as.numeric(), etc.
+, -, *, /
%%

`group_by()`

The ungroup() command is just as important as the group_by() command! (by Allison Horst)

`group_by()`

Separating a categorical variable into its different levels.

cereal |> 
  group_by(type)

# A tibble: 77 × 16
# Groups:   type [2]
   name       manuf type  calor…¹ protein   fat sodium fiber carbo sugars potass
   <fct>      <fct> <fct>   <int>   <int> <int>  <int> <dbl> <dbl>  <int>  <int>
 1 100% Bran  N     cold       70       4     1    130  10     5        6    280
 2 100% Natu… Q     cold      120       3     5     15   2     8        8    135
 3 All-Bran   K     cold       70       4     1    260   9     7        5    320
 4 All-Bran … K     cold       50       4     0    140  14     8        0    330
 5 Almond De… R     cold      110       2     2    200   1    14        8     -1
 6 Apple Cin… G     cold      110       2     2    180   1.5  10.5     10     70
 7 Apple Jac… K     cold      110       2     0    125   1    11       14     30
 8 Basic 4    G     cold      130       3     2    210   2    18        8    100
 9 Bran Chex  R     cold       90       2     1    200   4    15        6    125
10 Bran Flak… P     cold       90       3     0    210   5    13        5    190
# … with 67 more rows, 5 more variables: vitamins <int>, shelf <int>,
#   weight <dbl>, cups <dbl>, rating <dbl>, and abbreviated variable name
#   ¹calories

`summarize()`

group_by() is almost always paired with summarize()!

`summarize()`

We calculate different summaries of variables in the data set.

cereal |> 
  summarise(mean_calories = mean(calories))

  mean_calories
1      106.8831

Or multiple summaries.

cereal |> 
summarise(mean_calories = mean(calories),
          num_cereals = n(),
          mean_sugar = mean(sugars)
          )

  mean_calories num_cereals mean_sugar
1      106.8831          77   6.922078

`group_by() + summarize()` = Power!

cereal |> 
  group_by(manuf) |> 
  summarise(mean_calories = mean(calories))

# A tibble: 7 × 2
  manuf mean_calories
  <fct>         <dbl>
1 A             100  
2 G             111. 
3 K             109. 
4 N              86.7
5 P             109. 
6 Q              95  
7 R             115

`summarize()`: Handy Helpers!

mean(), median(), sd(), sum()
n(), n_distinct()
min(), max()
first(), last(), nth()
across()

Glue it all together!

cereal |> 
  filter(type == "cold") |> 
  mutate(cal_per_cup = calories / cups) |> 
  group_by(manuf) |> 
  summarise(mean_cal_per_cup = mean(cal_per_cup))

# A tibble: 6 × 2
  manuf mean_cal_per_cup
  <fct>            <dbl>
1 G                 138.
2 K                 145.
3 N                 130.
4 P                 195.
5 Q                 121.
6 R                 134.

Save your changes!

When you make these changes, make sure you are assigning them to a data set!

cereal_summary <- cereal |> 
  filter(type == type) |> 
  mutate(cal_per_cup = calories / cups) |> 
  group_by(manuf) |> 
  summarise(mean_cal_per_cup = mean(cal_per_cup))

cereal |> group_by(type) |> summarise(mean_calories = mean(calories), num_cereals = n(), mean_sugar = mean(sugars))

cereal |> 
  group_by(type) |> 
  summarise(mean_calories = mean(calories), 
            num_cereals = n(),
            mean_sugar = mean(sugars)
            )

PA 3: Identify the Mystery College

Today you will be using the dplyr package to clean a data set and then using that cleaned data set to figure out what college Ephelia has been accepted to.

Submit the full name of the college Ephelia will attend to the Canvas Quiz.

To do…

PA 3: Identify the Mystery College
- Due Wednesday 1/25 at 8:00am

Wednesday, January 25th

Today we will…

Review PA 3: Identify the Mystery College
Extending dplyr verbs
- across()
- if_else()
- case_when()
Implication of Data Ethics
Lab 3: Hip Hop Lyrics
Challenge 3: Published Comparisons & Data Ethics

Summarize or mutate multiple columns with `across()`

cereal |> 
  group_by(type) |> 
  summarise(across(.cols = calories:potass, .fns = mean))

# A tibble: 2 × 9
  type  calories protein   fat sodium fiber carbo sugars potass
  <fct>    <dbl>   <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>
1 cold      107.    2.49  1.01  165.   2.19  14.7  7.18    97.2
2 hot       100     4     1      26.7  1.23  12    0.667   68

Discritize with `if_else()`

cereal |> 
  mutate(low_cal = if_else(calories < 100, "low", "high"))

                                     name manuf type calories protein fat
1                               100% Bran     N cold       70       4   1
2                       100% Natural Bran     Q cold      120       3   5
3                                All-Bran     K cold       70       4   1
4               All-Bran with Extra Fiber     K cold       50       4   0
5                          Almond Delight     R cold      110       2   2
6                 Apple Cinnamon Cheerios     G cold      110       2   2
7                             Apple Jacks     K cold      110       2   0
8                                 Basic 4     G cold      130       3   2
9                               Bran Chex     R cold       90       2   1
10                            Bran Flakes     P cold       90       3   0
11                           Cap'n'Crunch     Q cold      120       1   2
12                               Cheerios     G cold      110       6   2
13                  Cinnamon Toast Crunch     G cold      120       1   3
14                               Clusters     G cold      110       3   2
15                            Cocoa Puffs     G cold      110       1   1
16                              Corn Chex     R cold      110       2   0
17                            Corn Flakes     K cold      100       2   0
18                              Corn Pops     K cold      110       1   0
19                          Count Chocula     G cold      110       1   1
20                     Cracklin' Oat Bran     K cold      110       3   3
21                 Cream of Wheat (Quick)     N  hot      100       3   0
22                                Crispix     K cold      110       2   0
23                 Crispy Wheat & Raisins     G cold      100       2   1
24                            Double Chex     R cold      100       2   0
25                            Froot Loops     K cold      110       2   1
26                         Frosted Flakes     K cold      110       1   0
27                    Frosted Mini-Wheats     K cold      100       3   0
28 Fruit & Fibre Dates; Walnuts; and Oats     P cold      120       3   2
29                          Fruitful Bran     K cold      120       3   0
30                         Fruity Pebbles     P cold      110       1   1
31                           Golden Crisp     P cold      100       2   0
32                         Golden Grahams     G cold      110       1   1
33                      Grape Nuts Flakes     P cold      100       3   1
34                             Grape-Nuts     P cold      110       3   0
35                     Great Grains Pecan     P cold      120       3   3
36                       Honey Graham Ohs     Q cold      120       1   2
37                     Honey Nut Cheerios     G cold      110       3   1
38                             Honey-comb     P cold      110       1   0
39            Just Right Crunchy  Nuggets     K cold      110       2   1
40                 Just Right Fruit & Nut     K cold      140       3   1
41                                    Kix     G cold      110       2   1
42                                   Life     Q cold      100       4   2
43                           Lucky Charms     G cold      110       2   1
44                                  Maypo     A  hot      100       4   1
45       Muesli Raisins; Dates; & Almonds     R cold      150       4   3
46      Muesli Raisins; Peaches; & Pecans     R cold      150       4   3
47                   Mueslix Crispy Blend     K cold      160       3   2
48                   Multi-Grain Cheerios     G cold      100       2   1
49                       Nut&Honey Crunch     K cold      120       2   1
50              Nutri-Grain Almond-Raisin     K cold      140       3   2
51                      Nutri-grain Wheat     K cold       90       3   0
52                   Oatmeal Raisin Crisp     G cold      130       3   2
53                  Post Nat. Raisin Bran     P cold      120       3   1
54                             Product 19     K cold      100       3   0
55                            Puffed Rice     Q cold       50       1   0
56                           Puffed Wheat     Q cold       50       2   0
57                     Quaker Oat Squares     Q cold      100       4   1
58                         Quaker Oatmeal     Q  hot      100       5   2
59                            Raisin Bran     K cold      120       3   1
60                        Raisin Nut Bran     G cold      100       3   2
61                         Raisin Squares     K cold       90       2   0
62                              Rice Chex     R cold      110       1   0
63                          Rice Krispies     K cold      110       2   0
64                         Shredded Wheat     N cold       80       2   0
65                 Shredded Wheat 'n'Bran     N cold       90       3   0
66              Shredded Wheat spoon size     N cold       90       3   0
67                                 Smacks     K cold      110       2   1
68                              Special K     K cold      110       6   0
69                Strawberry Fruit Wheats     N cold       90       2   0
70                      Total Corn Flakes     G cold      110       2   1
71                      Total Raisin Bran     G cold      140       3   1
72                      Total Whole Grain     G cold      100       3   1
73                                Triples     G cold      110       2   1
74                                   Trix     G cold      110       1   1
75                             Wheat Chex     R cold      100       3   1
76                               Wheaties     G cold      100       3   1
77                    Wheaties Honey Gold     G cold      110       2   1
   sodium fiber carbo sugars potass vitamins shelf weight cups   rating low_cal
1     130  10.0   5.0      6    280       25     3   1.00 0.33 68.40297     low
2      15   2.0   8.0      8    135        0     3   1.00 1.00 33.98368    high
3     260   9.0   7.0      5    320       25     3   1.00 0.33 59.42551     low
4     140  14.0   8.0      0    330       25     3   1.00 0.50 93.70491     low
5     200   1.0  14.0      8     -1       25     3   1.00 0.75 34.38484    high
6     180   1.5  10.5     10     70       25     1   1.00 0.75 29.50954    high
7     125   1.0  11.0     14     30       25     2   1.00 1.00 33.17409    high
8     210   2.0  18.0      8    100       25     3   1.33 0.75 37.03856    high
9     200   4.0  15.0      6    125       25     1   1.00 0.67 49.12025     low
10    210   5.0  13.0      5    190       25     3   1.00 0.67 53.31381     low
11    220   0.0  12.0     12     35       25     2   1.00 0.75 18.04285    high
12    290   2.0  17.0      1    105       25     1   1.00 1.25 50.76500    high
13    210   0.0  13.0      9     45       25     2   1.00 0.75 19.82357    high
14    140   2.0  13.0      7    105       25     3   1.00 0.50 40.40021    high
15    180   0.0  12.0     13     55       25     2   1.00 1.00 22.73645    high
16    280   0.0  22.0      3     25       25     1   1.00 1.00 41.44502    high
17    290   1.0  21.0      2     35       25     1   1.00 1.00 45.86332    high
18     90   1.0  13.0     12     20       25     2   1.00 1.00 35.78279    high
19    180   0.0  12.0     13     65       25     2   1.00 1.00 22.39651    high
20    140   4.0  10.0      7    160       25     3   1.00 0.50 40.44877    high
21     80   1.0  21.0      0     -1        0     2   1.00 1.00 64.53382    high
22    220   1.0  21.0      3     30       25     3   1.00 1.00 46.89564    high
23    140   2.0  11.0     10    120       25     3   1.00 0.75 36.17620    high
24    190   1.0  18.0      5     80       25     3   1.00 0.75 44.33086    high
25    125   1.0  11.0     13     30       25     2   1.00 1.00 32.20758    high
26    200   1.0  14.0     11     25       25     1   1.00 0.75 31.43597    high
27      0   3.0  14.0      7    100       25     2   1.00 0.80 58.34514    high
28    160   5.0  12.0     10    200       25     3   1.25 0.67 40.91705    high
29    240   5.0  14.0     12    190       25     3   1.33 0.67 41.01549    high
30    135   0.0  13.0     12     25       25     2   1.00 0.75 28.02576    high
31     45   0.0  11.0     15     40       25     1   1.00 0.88 35.25244    high
32    280   0.0  15.0      9     45       25     2   1.00 0.75 23.80404    high
33    140   3.0  15.0      5     85       25     3   1.00 0.88 52.07690    high
34    170   3.0  17.0      3     90       25     3   1.00 0.25 53.37101    high
35     75   3.0  13.0      4    100       25     3   1.00 0.33 45.81172    high
36    220   1.0  12.0     11     45       25     2   1.00 1.00 21.87129    high
37    250   1.5  11.5     10     90       25     1   1.00 0.75 31.07222    high
38    180   0.0  14.0     11     35       25     1   1.00 1.33 28.74241    high
39    170   1.0  17.0      6     60      100     3   1.00 1.00 36.52368    high
40    170   2.0  20.0      9     95      100     3   1.30 0.75 36.47151    high
41    260   0.0  21.0      3     40       25     2   1.00 1.50 39.24111    high
42    150   2.0  12.0      6     95       25     2   1.00 0.67 45.32807    high
43    180   0.0  12.0     12     55       25     2   1.00 1.00 26.73451    high
44      0   0.0  16.0      3     95       25     2   1.00 1.00 54.85092    high
45     95   3.0  16.0     11    170       25     3   1.00 1.00 37.13686    high
46    150   3.0  16.0     11    170       25     3   1.00 1.00 34.13976    high
47    150   3.0  17.0     13    160       25     3   1.50 0.67 30.31335    high
48    220   2.0  15.0      6     90       25     1   1.00 1.00 40.10596    high
49    190   0.0  15.0      9     40       25     2   1.00 0.67 29.92429    high
50    220   3.0  21.0      7    130       25     3   1.33 0.67 40.69232    high
51    170   3.0  18.0      2     90       25     3   1.00 1.00 59.64284     low
52    170   1.5  13.5     10    120       25     3   1.25 0.50 30.45084    high
53    200   6.0  11.0     14    260       25     3   1.33 0.67 37.84059    high
54    320   1.0  20.0      3     45      100     3   1.00 1.00 41.50354    high
55      0   0.0  13.0      0     15        0     3   0.50 1.00 60.75611     low
56      0   1.0  10.0      0     50        0     3   0.50 1.00 63.00565     low
57    135   2.0  14.0      6    110       25     3   1.00 0.50 49.51187    high
58      0   2.7  -1.0     -1    110        0     1   1.00 0.67 50.82839    high
59    210   5.0  14.0     12    240       25     2   1.33 0.75 39.25920    high
60    140   2.5  10.5      8    140       25     3   1.00 0.50 39.70340    high
61      0   2.0  15.0      6    110       25     3   1.00 0.50 55.33314     low
62    240   0.0  23.0      2     30       25     1   1.00 1.13 41.99893    high
63    290   0.0  22.0      3     35       25     1   1.00 1.00 40.56016    high
64      0   3.0  16.0      0     95        0     1   0.83 1.00 68.23588     low
65      0   4.0  19.0      0    140        0     1   1.00 0.67 74.47295     low
66      0   3.0  20.0      0    120        0     1   1.00 0.67 72.80179     low
67     70   1.0   9.0     15     40       25     2   1.00 0.75 31.23005    high
68    230   1.0  16.0      3     55       25     1   1.00 1.00 53.13132    high
69     15   3.0  15.0      5     90       25     2   1.00 1.00 59.36399     low
70    200   0.0  21.0      3     35      100     3   1.00 1.00 38.83975    high
71    190   4.0  15.0     14    230      100     3   1.50 1.00 28.59278    high
72    200   3.0  16.0      3    110      100     3   1.00 1.00 46.65884    high
73    250   0.0  21.0      3     60       25     3   1.00 0.75 39.10617    high
74    140   0.0  13.0     12     25       25     2   1.00 1.00 27.75330    high
75    230   3.0  17.0      3    115       25     1   1.00 0.67 49.78744    high
76    200   3.0  17.0      3    110       25     1   1.00 1.00 51.59219    high
77    200   1.0  16.0      8     60       25     1   1.00 0.75 36.18756    high

Re-leveling with `case_when()`

cereal |> 
  mutate(manuf = case_when(manuf == "A" ~ "American Home Food Products", 
                           manuf == "G" ~ "General Mills", 
                           manuf == "K" ~ "Kelloggs", 
                           manuf == "N" ~ "Nabisco", 
                           manuf == "P" ~ "Post", 
                           manuf == "Q" ~ "Quaker Oats", 
                           manuf == "R" ~ "Ralston Purina"
                           )
  )

                                     name                       manuf type
1                               100% Bran                     Nabisco cold
2                       100% Natural Bran                 Quaker Oats cold
3                                All-Bran                    Kelloggs cold
4               All-Bran with Extra Fiber                    Kelloggs cold
5                          Almond Delight              Ralston Purina cold
6                 Apple Cinnamon Cheerios               General Mills cold
7                             Apple Jacks                    Kelloggs cold
8                                 Basic 4               General Mills cold
9                               Bran Chex              Ralston Purina cold
10                            Bran Flakes                        Post cold
11                           Cap'n'Crunch                 Quaker Oats cold
12                               Cheerios               General Mills cold
13                  Cinnamon Toast Crunch               General Mills cold
14                               Clusters               General Mills cold
15                            Cocoa Puffs               General Mills cold
16                              Corn Chex              Ralston Purina cold
17                            Corn Flakes                    Kelloggs cold
18                              Corn Pops                    Kelloggs cold
19                          Count Chocula               General Mills cold
20                     Cracklin' Oat Bran                    Kelloggs cold
21                 Cream of Wheat (Quick)                     Nabisco  hot
22                                Crispix                    Kelloggs cold
23                 Crispy Wheat & Raisins               General Mills cold
24                            Double Chex              Ralston Purina cold
25                            Froot Loops                    Kelloggs cold
26                         Frosted Flakes                    Kelloggs cold
27                    Frosted Mini-Wheats                    Kelloggs cold
28 Fruit & Fibre Dates; Walnuts; and Oats                        Post cold
29                          Fruitful Bran                    Kelloggs cold
30                         Fruity Pebbles                        Post cold
31                           Golden Crisp                        Post cold
32                         Golden Grahams               General Mills cold
33                      Grape Nuts Flakes                        Post cold
34                             Grape-Nuts                        Post cold
35                     Great Grains Pecan                        Post cold
36                       Honey Graham Ohs                 Quaker Oats cold
37                     Honey Nut Cheerios               General Mills cold
38                             Honey-comb                        Post cold
39            Just Right Crunchy  Nuggets                    Kelloggs cold
40                 Just Right Fruit & Nut                    Kelloggs cold
41                                    Kix               General Mills cold
42                                   Life                 Quaker Oats cold
43                           Lucky Charms               General Mills cold
44                                  Maypo American Home Food Products  hot
45       Muesli Raisins; Dates; & Almonds              Ralston Purina cold
46      Muesli Raisins; Peaches; & Pecans              Ralston Purina cold
47                   Mueslix Crispy Blend                    Kelloggs cold
48                   Multi-Grain Cheerios               General Mills cold
49                       Nut&Honey Crunch                    Kelloggs cold
50              Nutri-Grain Almond-Raisin                    Kelloggs cold
51                      Nutri-grain Wheat                    Kelloggs cold
52                   Oatmeal Raisin Crisp               General Mills cold
53                  Post Nat. Raisin Bran                        Post cold
54                             Product 19                    Kelloggs cold
55                            Puffed Rice                 Quaker Oats cold
56                           Puffed Wheat                 Quaker Oats cold
57                     Quaker Oat Squares                 Quaker Oats cold
58                         Quaker Oatmeal                 Quaker Oats  hot
59                            Raisin Bran                    Kelloggs cold
60                        Raisin Nut Bran               General Mills cold
61                         Raisin Squares                    Kelloggs cold
62                              Rice Chex              Ralston Purina cold
63                          Rice Krispies                    Kelloggs cold
64                         Shredded Wheat                     Nabisco cold
65                 Shredded Wheat 'n'Bran                     Nabisco cold
66              Shredded Wheat spoon size                     Nabisco cold
67                                 Smacks                    Kelloggs cold
68                              Special K                    Kelloggs cold
69                Strawberry Fruit Wheats                     Nabisco cold
70                      Total Corn Flakes               General Mills cold
71                      Total Raisin Bran               General Mills cold
72                      Total Whole Grain               General Mills cold
73                                Triples               General Mills cold
74                                   Trix               General Mills cold
75                             Wheat Chex              Ralston Purina cold
76                               Wheaties               General Mills cold
77                    Wheaties Honey Gold               General Mills cold
   calories protein fat sodium fiber carbo sugars potass vitamins shelf weight
1        70       4   1    130  10.0   5.0      6    280       25     3   1.00
2       120       3   5     15   2.0   8.0      8    135        0     3   1.00
3        70       4   1    260   9.0   7.0      5    320       25     3   1.00
4        50       4   0    140  14.0   8.0      0    330       25     3   1.00
5       110       2   2    200   1.0  14.0      8     -1       25     3   1.00
6       110       2   2    180   1.5  10.5     10     70       25     1   1.00
7       110       2   0    125   1.0  11.0     14     30       25     2   1.00
8       130       3   2    210   2.0  18.0      8    100       25     3   1.33
9        90       2   1    200   4.0  15.0      6    125       25     1   1.00
10       90       3   0    210   5.0  13.0      5    190       25     3   1.00
11      120       1   2    220   0.0  12.0     12     35       25     2   1.00
12      110       6   2    290   2.0  17.0      1    105       25     1   1.00
13      120       1   3    210   0.0  13.0      9     45       25     2   1.00
14      110       3   2    140   2.0  13.0      7    105       25     3   1.00
15      110       1   1    180   0.0  12.0     13     55       25     2   1.00
16      110       2   0    280   0.0  22.0      3     25       25     1   1.00
17      100       2   0    290   1.0  21.0      2     35       25     1   1.00
18      110       1   0     90   1.0  13.0     12     20       25     2   1.00
19      110       1   1    180   0.0  12.0     13     65       25     2   1.00
20      110       3   3    140   4.0  10.0      7    160       25     3   1.00
21      100       3   0     80   1.0  21.0      0     -1        0     2   1.00
22      110       2   0    220   1.0  21.0      3     30       25     3   1.00
23      100       2   1    140   2.0  11.0     10    120       25     3   1.00
24      100       2   0    190   1.0  18.0      5     80       25     3   1.00
25      110       2   1    125   1.0  11.0     13     30       25     2   1.00
26      110       1   0    200   1.0  14.0     11     25       25     1   1.00
27      100       3   0      0   3.0  14.0      7    100       25     2   1.00
28      120       3   2    160   5.0  12.0     10    200       25     3   1.25
29      120       3   0    240   5.0  14.0     12    190       25     3   1.33
30      110       1   1    135   0.0  13.0     12     25       25     2   1.00
31      100       2   0     45   0.0  11.0     15     40       25     1   1.00
32      110       1   1    280   0.0  15.0      9     45       25     2   1.00
33      100       3   1    140   3.0  15.0      5     85       25     3   1.00
34      110       3   0    170   3.0  17.0      3     90       25     3   1.00
35      120       3   3     75   3.0  13.0      4    100       25     3   1.00
36      120       1   2    220   1.0  12.0     11     45       25     2   1.00
37      110       3   1    250   1.5  11.5     10     90       25     1   1.00
38      110       1   0    180   0.0  14.0     11     35       25     1   1.00
39      110       2   1    170   1.0  17.0      6     60      100     3   1.00
40      140       3   1    170   2.0  20.0      9     95      100     3   1.30
41      110       2   1    260   0.0  21.0      3     40       25     2   1.00
42      100       4   2    150   2.0  12.0      6     95       25     2   1.00
43      110       2   1    180   0.0  12.0     12     55       25     2   1.00
44      100       4   1      0   0.0  16.0      3     95       25     2   1.00
45      150       4   3     95   3.0  16.0     11    170       25     3   1.00
46      150       4   3    150   3.0  16.0     11    170       25     3   1.00
47      160       3   2    150   3.0  17.0     13    160       25     3   1.50
48      100       2   1    220   2.0  15.0      6     90       25     1   1.00
49      120       2   1    190   0.0  15.0      9     40       25     2   1.00
50      140       3   2    220   3.0  21.0      7    130       25     3   1.33
51       90       3   0    170   3.0  18.0      2     90       25     3   1.00
52      130       3   2    170   1.5  13.5     10    120       25     3   1.25
53      120       3   1    200   6.0  11.0     14    260       25     3   1.33
54      100       3   0    320   1.0  20.0      3     45      100     3   1.00
55       50       1   0      0   0.0  13.0      0     15        0     3   0.50
56       50       2   0      0   1.0  10.0      0     50        0     3   0.50
57      100       4   1    135   2.0  14.0      6    110       25     3   1.00
58      100       5   2      0   2.7  -1.0     -1    110        0     1   1.00
59      120       3   1    210   5.0  14.0     12    240       25     2   1.33
60      100       3   2    140   2.5  10.5      8    140       25     3   1.00
61       90       2   0      0   2.0  15.0      6    110       25     3   1.00
62      110       1   0    240   0.0  23.0      2     30       25     1   1.00
63      110       2   0    290   0.0  22.0      3     35       25     1   1.00
64       80       2   0      0   3.0  16.0      0     95        0     1   0.83
65       90       3   0      0   4.0  19.0      0    140        0     1   1.00
66       90       3   0      0   3.0  20.0      0    120        0     1   1.00
67      110       2   1     70   1.0   9.0     15     40       25     2   1.00
68      110       6   0    230   1.0  16.0      3     55       25     1   1.00
69       90       2   0     15   3.0  15.0      5     90       25     2   1.00
70      110       2   1    200   0.0  21.0      3     35      100     3   1.00
71      140       3   1    190   4.0  15.0     14    230      100     3   1.50
72      100       3   1    200   3.0  16.0      3    110      100     3   1.00
73      110       2   1    250   0.0  21.0      3     60       25     3   1.00
74      110       1   1    140   0.0  13.0     12     25       25     2   1.00
75      100       3   1    230   3.0  17.0      3    115       25     1   1.00
76      100       3   1    200   3.0  17.0      3    110       25     1   1.00
77      110       2   1    200   1.0  16.0      8     60       25     1   1.00
   cups   rating
1  0.33 68.40297
2  1.00 33.98368
3  0.33 59.42551
4  0.50 93.70491
5  0.75 34.38484
6  0.75 29.50954
7  1.00 33.17409
8  0.75 37.03856
9  0.67 49.12025
10 0.67 53.31381
11 0.75 18.04285
12 1.25 50.76500
13 0.75 19.82357
14 0.50 40.40021
15 1.00 22.73645
16 1.00 41.44502
17 1.00 45.86332
18 1.00 35.78279
19 1.00 22.39651
20 0.50 40.44877
21 1.00 64.53382
22 1.00 46.89564
23 0.75 36.17620
24 0.75 44.33086
25 1.00 32.20758
26 0.75 31.43597
27 0.80 58.34514
28 0.67 40.91705
29 0.67 41.01549
30 0.75 28.02576
31 0.88 35.25244
32 0.75 23.80404
33 0.88 52.07690
34 0.25 53.37101
35 0.33 45.81172
36 1.00 21.87129
37 0.75 31.07222
38 1.33 28.74241
39 1.00 36.52368
40 0.75 36.47151
41 1.50 39.24111
42 0.67 45.32807
43 1.00 26.73451
44 1.00 54.85092
45 1.00 37.13686
46 1.00 34.13976
47 0.67 30.31335
48 1.00 40.10596
49 0.67 29.92429
50 0.67 40.69232
51 1.00 59.64284
52 0.50 30.45084
53 0.67 37.84059
54 1.00 41.50354
55 1.00 60.75611
56 1.00 63.00565
57 0.50 49.51187
58 0.67 50.82839
59 0.75 39.25920
60 0.50 39.70340
61 0.50 55.33314
62 1.13 41.99893
63 1.00 40.56016
64 1.00 68.23588
65 0.67 74.47295
66 0.67 72.80179
67 0.75 31.23005
68 1.00 53.13132
69 1.00 59.36399
70 1.00 38.83975
71 1.00 28.59278
72 1.00 46.65884
73 0.75 39.10617
74 1.00 27.75330
75 0.67 49.78744
76 1.00 51.59219
77 0.75 36.18756

Data Ethics

To do…

Lab 3: Hip Hop Lyrics
- Due Friday, 1/27 at 11:59pm
Challenge 3: Published Comparisons & Data Ethics
- Due Saturday, 1/28 at 11:59pm
Read Chapter 4: Joins and Data Transformations
- Concept Check 4.1 + 4.2 due Monday (1/30) at 8:00am

WEEK 3: DATA CLEANING & MANIPULATION

Monday, January 23rd

Font Accessibility in Graphics

Changing Font in ggplot2

Changing Font in ggplot2

dplyr

dplyr verbs

Example Data set – Cereal

The Pipe Operator

The Pipe Operator

A Brief History of the Pipe

The Pipe Operator

The Pipe Operator

The Pipe Operator: Data comes first!

filter()

filter()

filter(): Handy Helpers!

filter()

filter(): Characters and Factors

arrange()

arrange()

arrange()

arrange(): Descending Order

arrange(): Related functions

slice_max()

select()

select(): Omitting Columns

select(): Reordering

select(): Handy Helpers!

rename()

mutate()

mutate()

mutate(): Handy Helpers!

group_by()

group_by()

summarize()

summarize()

group_by() + summarize() = Power!

summarize(): Handy Helpers!

Glue it all together!

Save your changes!

Formatting your code

PA 3: Identify the Mystery College

To do…

Wednesday, January 25th

Summarize or mutate multiple columns with across()

Discritize with if_else()

Re-leveling with case_when()

Data Ethics

To do…

Changing Font in `ggplot2`

Changing Font in `ggplot2`

`dplyr`

`dplyr` verbs

`filter()`

`filter()`

`filter()`: Handy Helpers!

`filter()`

`filter()`: Characters and Factors

`arrange()`

`arrange()`

`arrange()`

`arrange()`: Descending Order

`arrange()`: Related functions

`slice_max()`

`select()`

`select()`: Omitting Columns

`select()`: Reordering

`select()`: Handy Helpers!

`rename()`

`mutate()`

`mutate()`

`mutate()`: Handy Helpers!

`group_by()`

`group_by()`

`summarize()`

`summarize()`

`group_by() + summarize()` = Power!

`summarize()`: Handy Helpers!

Summarize or mutate multiple columns with `across()`

Discritize with `if_else()`

Re-leveling with `case_when()`